Video Games And Its Effects - 2390 Words

Are video games actually as evil as many make them out to be? Some recent studies show that this may not be the case. Video games are a somewhat recently developed technology that was created sometime around the 1950s and over time, games have become more and more sophisticated, leading to new genres and purposes. In recent years, there have been major advances in not only how video games are played, but also how popular they have come in our culture, becoming a part of almost every young adult and child’s daily activities. Contrary to what some people may believe, video games are actually quite beneficial to brain development. Many studies have shown that people that play video games have significant improvement in areas of brain†¦show more content†¦One year my uncle bought me a game named Shadow of the Colossus. This game was completely different from the other ones I played previously. In this game, the player starts out with the character on a horse and his only weapon is a powerful sword, that when exposed to sunlight will lead the player in the general direction of the next enemy. These enemies are giant, ancient creatures that roam in various places around the world, each one having unique weaknesses and strengths. To find the Colossus, the player had to ride across the landscape in solitude, identifying small clues that would lead them to where the creature was hiding. Once the player arrived, they would have to evaluate the situation and find its weaknesses. When the player decided that they were ready to attack something unexpected always came up and made the situation even more difficult than expected resulting in quick and accurate decision making. To me, this game is a prime example of how video games aid in the development of the decision making process. Throughout this game players were presented with problems that required them to think very critically in order to even finish the first battle. As the game progresses the enemies only get harder and the solutions to the problems get harder as well. Attention to detail in this game was very important. The more that this game was played, the more I started to look into every possible approach and the very fine details. Games like

Personal Experiences Reflected in Metamorphosis by Gregor...

Topic 2 Writing, like other forms of art, draws upon an artist’s inspirations. Either subtly or overtly, an artist’s interactions and perception of the world influences their piece. Franz Kafka, born into a Jewish family in Prague, incorporated many of his life experiences into his work The Metamorphosis. The Metamorphosis presents many connections between the life of the protagonist, Gregor Samsa, and Kafka himself. Some literary analysts claim it serves as an outlet for his distraught life. Based on the events of Gregor Samsa’s life, it can be deduced that Franz Kafka used his personal experiences as an inspiration for The Metamorphosis. Kafka portrays the relationship he had with his father through the relationship of Gregor†¦show more content†¦The struggles with love and women that Kafka faced are also experienced by Gregor and the lack of a primary woman in their life contributes to their misery. In the end, Gregor starts to feel miserable as he waits for death to approach him slowly. After hearing his sister, the one whom he felt closest to, say â€Å"It has to go,† Gregor falls under a more severe state of depression (38). He refused to eat and in the end â€Å"he could no longer move at all† showing how serious his depression affected his appetite and his overall health. By this time, Gregor is ready to accept his fate and â€Å"remained in this state of empty and peaceful reflection until the tower clock struck three in the morning† (38). Gregor’s slow and painful death represents Kafka’s demise as tuberculosis kills the victim slowly. Kafka knew the fate of tuberc ulosis and incorporated his feelings about the slow death into The Metamorphosis for the reader to understand his morbidity. Kafka expresses his depression to the audience through Gregor. Perhaps the largest incorporation of Kafka’s life seen in the novella is Gregor’s relationship with his sister. From the beginning of the novella, Gregor has a strong relationship with his sister as he cares about her the most in the family. Also, after the transformation, â€Å"only his sister had remained close to Gregor,† and she nurtured and cared for him (20). Despite his appearance, Grete still remainedShow MoreRelatedThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The metamorphosis,† is a story by Franz Kafka, published in 1915 is a story divided in three chapters: transformation, acceptance, and the death of the protagonist. There are many interpretations that can form this tale as the indifference by the society that is concerned with different individuals, and isolation pushing some cases to the solitude. Some consider The Metamorphosis as an autobiography of the author, which tries to capture the loneliness and isolation that he felt at some pointRead More Franz Kafkas Life Reflected in his Work, The Metamorphosis Essay2398 Words   |  10 PagesFranz Kafkas Life Reflected in his Work, The Metamorphosis The Metamorphosis written by Franz Kafka is considered one of the few great, poetic works of the twentieth century. Addressing The Metamorphosis, Elias Canetti, a Nobel Prize-winning author, has commented, In The Metamorphosis Kafka has reached the height of his mastery: he has written something which he could never surpass, because there is nothing which The Metamorphosis could be surpassed by - one of the few great, perfect poeticRead MoreSocial Analysis of Franz Kafkas the Metamorphosis Essay2895 Words   |  12 PagesSocial Analysis of Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis Franz Kafka was not Jewish; Franz Kafka was not Czech, Franz Kafka only identified himself by his own perception of life, and a reality of his own creation. Kafkas family, a prosperous middle class home of economic strivers, embraced the German Jewish circles of Prague, seeking to assimilate with language and Jewish culture. Kafka, in the traditional manner he is remembered, was born into a middle class Czech family in Prague however; he mostRead MoreThe Metamorphosis by Kafka1062 Words   |  5 PagesThe Metamorphosis, Kafka writes about a man who one day transformed into a bug. Kafka’s own feelings of nothingness caused this story to shape into this unique story. Kafka writes, â€Å"The dream reveals the reality, which conception lags behind. That is the horror of life – the terror of art† (qtd. In Kennedy and Gioia 299). Kafka said this as a rebuttal to a friend trying to pry information out of him about The Metamorphosis. Kafka meant that the true burden of art is that a person’s experiences willRead MoreExploration Notes- as Level Drama and Theatre Studies- Metamorphosis and a Dolls House4285 Words   |  18 PagesNotes 1) Discuss and compare the exploration of characterisation in Metamorphosis by Steven Berkoff and (A Doll’s House). Draw your own practical understanding of the skills used including use of language and voice to portray character. In our practical sessions of Modelling Gregor in â€Å"Metamorphosis†, we thought about how we would physically see Gregor. To do this, we had to individually create the shape of Gregor with our bodies. We all started off thinking about it really literally- â€Å"HowRead MoreAnalysis Of Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis 3979 Words   |  16 PagesAustin Day Professor Imali Abala English 357 18 February 2015 The Theme of Alienation in Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis The Metamorphosis written by Franz Kafka in 1915 is said to be one of the greatest literary works of all time and is seen as one of Kafka’s best and most popular works of literature. A relatively short novel; the story explains how the protagonist, Gregor Samsa wakes up one morning to find himself transformed into a vermin which completely estranges him from the world even moreRead MoreConsider the Theme of Transformation in Metamorphosis and the Yellow Wallpaper.3444 Words   |  14 PagesConsider the theme of transformation in Metamorphosis and The Yellow Wallpaper. Apart from the very apparent theme of transformation that runs through both stories there are also many underlying themes connected with transformation, not just physical but also mental. Metamorphosis sees Gregor wake up one morning physically transformed overnight into a huge insect, by the description given by Kafka, possibly similar in appearance to a cockroach, although the description given does not allow the readerRead MoreFranz Kafkas Life and Work2192 Words   |  9 Pagesmind to travel to the places that his body could not take him. In his recurring themes of guilt, pain, obscurity, and lucidity, are direct connections to his childhood and daily life. His family dynamic, infatuation with culture and theater, and his personal illnesses all shaped his imagination into the poignant yet energetic thing that made him so well-known. With all of his influences combined, Franz Kafka developed a writing style so distinct that he founded a semi-genre all his own: kafkaism.

Weight Loss & Weight Maintenance-Free-Samples-Myassignementhelp

Question: Write a report on Weight Loss Weight Maintenance. Answer: Introduction Overview of the topic The subject, Weight loss weight maintenance is one of the most researched and studied topic in both practical and academic sector. With the unhealthy eating habits and rapid consumption of the fast food, individuals from early childhood to the adults are suffering from obesity and other related diseases. And to control the increasing arte of the individual suffering from obesity, there is high emphasis led upon the practices of weight loss and weight maintenance (Curioni and Lourenco, 2005). Target market The target market selected for the report is the youngsters as because of change culture and habits of the individuals of the society. The youngsters are facing the maximum issues of obesity. Thus, they are the primary target market for this report (Faulkner, Soundy and Lloyd, 2003). Opportunity statement The opportunity statement is that because of the high focus on weight reduction and weight maintenance, there are various opportunities for the business which are indulged in health and fitness. The health and fitness industry give chances to small entrepreneurs to open gyms, yoga classes and other fitness related center. Literature review and framework Overview of literature In the various studies, researches and academic data, it has been argued that one of the major causes of severe health problem and deaths is the excess weight or high level of obesity among the individuals. The excess of weight is the reason behind development of the numerous chronic diseases that comprises of cancer, diabetes and heart diseases (Zheng, et al., 2015). But the introduction of the several weight loss programs and the weight management techniques has reduced the chances of occurring chronic diseases in the individuals. A little weight loss and regular physical activities have helped in reducing the issues of obesity as well as other health problems. No nation can yet perform as a public health paradigm for the decrease in obesity. All the nations are still searching for the answers that in what manner there should be reversal of the up surging tide of childhood and adult obesity (Burke, Wang and Sevick, 2011). The authors have emphasized on the points that the ultimate goal of the weight reduction should not be on just losing weight but also on various aspects such as discovering the various tools that can support in the maintenance of the healthy lifestyles for entire lifetime so that the issue related to obesity and other associated chronic diseases does not reoccur in future once the individuals have done with their weight loss or weight maintenance programs. The lifestyle modification is considered as one of the cornerstone of weight management and weight loss for the obese adults and the overweight children. Some of the authors have supported the operations and the functioning of the various heath and the fitness centers by discussing the benefits the society is getting because of these fitness centers (VanWormer, et al., 2008). On the other hand, arguing the research of the authors, it is mentioned by the authors that in the initial stage i.e. for a round six months the individuals loose good amount of weight by joining these fitness and hea lth clubs but they often end up with a similar or increased weight once they left these health and fitness clubs. Thus, there key emphasis is on the regular physical activities other than these fitness centers as well as on the lifestyle modification to have effective amount of weight reduction (Singh, et al., 2008). There are numerous authors who have identified those individuals seeking weight management programs and weight loss programs remain much happier because of the regular physical workout as well as having a balanced weight in comparison with those who are obese and are not indulged in any kind of fitness and health activities. Thus, from the overall perspective the authors have a mixed view in regards with the weight management and weight loss programs that they are somehow benefitting the society as well as making them depended upon these fitness centers (Flodmark, Marcus and Britton, 2006). Theoretical perspective To investigate the opportunity in the following report, there will be taken use of one of the motivational theory i.e. Self determination theory. The theory is well recognized as the SDT theory of motivation. It is the macro theory of personality and the human motivation which is related to the psychological needs and the inherent success tendencies of the individuals (Fortier, et al., 2012). It is related to the motivation which is their behind the choices made by the individuals. These choices and decisions are without any external inference as well as influence. The focus of the theory of self determination is on the behavior of the individuals which is the reason behind self-determination and self-motivation. There are various kinds of motivators which motivates a person to do a certain task. Because of these inherent motivators the individuals get determined (Teixeira, et al., 2012). The reason behind selecting this SDT theory is that in the weight loss and weight maintenance practice, the key factor is the inherent motivation of the individuals. If the obese people will not be self-determined as well as self motivated to do physical activities then they will not able to reduce their weight as well as will also not participate in all the weight maintenance and weight management programs. Thus, there is a direct link between the theory of self determination and the weight management and weight loss practices. Because when the individuals will have the determination to live a healthy and balanced life with adequate body weight then only they will practices the weight management and weight loss activities (Teixeira, et al., 2012). Marketing strategies Marketing Strategy 1 The first marketing strategy is e-health interventions by Government and various health organisations. In this strategy, the various health organisations and the Government come together to start a fight against the issue of obesity and ensure that the masses lives a healthy lifestyle. In this various mails as well as brochures are sent to public for attending various campaigns and other events related to health and fitness. There are also offered health charts and diet plans by the institutes top the people through mails and text messages so that the individuals can follow these dietary measures by themselves (Kay and Singh, 2006). There is a relation of this strategy with the theory of self determination as when the Government and health instates will make the individuals aware about the various health issues which are the result of obesity. The individuals will be self motivated to indulge in weight loss and weight management programs because of the inherent fear that they may als o face such health issues (Teixeira, et al., 2012). There are various advantages as well as disadvantages of this strategy. The advantages associated are that people will be aware of the events and camps so that they can have participation in that as well as will be motivated to have weight loss and weight management. The disadvantage is that these mails and messages will be sent to all the individuals who have registered mobile numbers irrespective of the knowledge about their health. Thus, the people who are already fit and have a stable and healthy lifestyle will also be getting the messages without any need. Marketing Strategy 2 The second marketing strategy is that the various Gyms, health clubs, fitness centers, yoga centers can reduce their prices as well as offer various discounts and packages so that more number of people can join these clubs and health centers. With such offers and decreased prices, people will enroll themselves and can have a regular physical activity which can help them in maintaining and managing their weight. The various fitness centers can offer special packages for the couples as well as the youngsters that can develop their interest in joining these fitness centers (Gortmaker, et al., 2011). There is a direct relation of this strategy with the theory of self determination as there are number of obese people who do not join theses health clubs or fitness centers because of the monetary aspect as they do not want to spend a lot more money on these cent res. Thus, if there will be discounted process and various offers then it will motivate the individuals to join these fitness cent ers. The inherent motivation of getting benefitted in very less process will develop their interest and help them in managing their weight (Teixeira, et al., 2012). There are various advantages as well as disadvantages of this strategy. The advantages associated are that the people who were restricted from monetary aspect can also join these fitness centers and manage their weight but the disadvantage is that once the offer is over or ended they will not continue which will have reverse impact on their health as they are just motivated because of the squat prices. Marketing Strategy 3 The third strategy is that there must be compulsory sessions of physical activity in the various institutes and the educational organisations. The greatest problem has been recognized in the youngsters. Thus, the organizations and the institutes can have a tie up with various fitness centers and can have a compulsory session where the student have to indulge themselves in physical training so that they can regularly have physical workout and manage their increasing weight and health (Khan, et al., 2009). There is a direct relation of this strategy with the theory of self determination as if there will b e developed a habit of regular exercise and physical workouts at the early stage then it will develop an interest of these youngsters to carry on with the same. This will motivate them to have regular exercises and remain fit (Fortier, et al., 2012). There are various advantages as well as disadvantages of this strategy. The advantages associated are that there will be reduced number of the youngsters that comes under the category of obese as a regular workout will help them in remaining fit. The disadvantage is that because of the regular habit of exercise the body will b e demanding such workouts for remaining healthy but once the students left the institutes it a probability that they do not do such workouts and thus, it will negatively impact them and will result in weight gain (Janssen and LeBlanc, 2010). Recommendations The one of the marketing strategies that will be recommended is the e-health interventions by the Government and various health organisations. The reason behind selection of this strategy is that it benefits the maximum number of the individuals as these events and campaigns are free of cost. Thus, anyone can join them as well as continuous mails and messages will force the people to have healthier lifestyle and have their focus on weight loss and weight maintenance (Hesketh and Campbell, 2010). As well as there can be effective analysis of the result of the strategy by evacuating that how many people have join the campaigns. Therefore, it is one if the most appropriate strategy which must be implement. References Burke, L. E., Wang, J., Sevick, M. A. (2011). Self-monitoring in weight loss: a systematic review of the literature.Journal of the American Dietetic Association,111(1), 92-102. Curioni, C. C., Lourenco, P. M. (2005). Long-term weight loss after diet and exercise: a systematic review.International journal of obesity,29(10), 1168-1174. Faulkner, G., Soundy, A. A., Lloyd, K. (2003). Schizophrenia and weight management: a systematic review of interventions to control weight.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,108(5), 324-332. Flodmark, C. E., Marcus, C., Britton, M. (2006). Interventions to prevent obesity in children and adolescents: a systematic literature review.International journal of obesity,30(4), 579-589. Fortier, M. S., Duda, J. L., Guerin, E., Teixeira, P. J. (2012). Promoting physical activity: development and testing of self-determination theory-based interventions.International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,9(1), 20. Gortmaker, S. L., Swinburn, B. A., Levy, D., Carter, R., Mabry, P. L., Finegood, D. T., ... Moodie, M. L. (2011). Changing the future of obesity: science, policy, and action.The Lancet,378(9793), 838-847. Hesketh, K. D., Campbell, K. J. (2010). Interventions to prevent obesity in 05 year olds: an updated systematic review of the literature.Obesity,18(S1), S27-S35. Janssen, I., LeBlanc, A. G. (2010). Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth.International Journal of Behavioral nutrition and physical activity,7(1), 40. Kay, S. J., Singh, F. (2006). The influence of physical activity on abdominal fat: a systematic review of the literature.Obesity Reviews,7(2), 183-200. Khan, L. K., Sobush, K., Keener, D., Goodman, K., Lowry, A., Kakietek, J., ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Recommended community strategies and measurements to prevent obesity in the United States.MMWR Recomm Rep,58(RR-7), 1-26. Singh, A. S., Mulder, C., Twisk, J. W., Van Mechelen, W., Chinapaw, M. J. (2008). Tracking of childhood overweight into adulthood: a systematic review of the literature.Obesity reviews,9(5), 474-488. Teixeira, P. J., Carraa, E. V., Markland, D., Silva, M. N., Ryan, R. M. (2012). Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: a systematic review.International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,9(1), 78. Teixeira, P. J., Silva, M. N., Mata, J., Palmeira, A. L., Markland, D. (2012). Motivation, self-determination, and long-term weight control.International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,9(1), 22. VanWormer, J. J., French, S. A., Pereira, M. A., Welsh, E. M. (2008). The impact of regular self-weighing on weight management: a systematic literature review.International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,5(1), 54. Zheng, Y., Klem, M. L., Sereika, S. M., Danford, C. A., Ewing, L. J., Burke, L. E. (2015). Self?weighing in weight management: A systematic literature review.Obesity,23(2), 256-265.

Affect of Counterfeit Goods on Luxury Brand

Question: Do counterfeit products decreases the value and desirability of luxury brand items? Answer: 1. Introduction Literature review consists the existing theories that relate with the selected topic affect of counterfeit goods on luxury brand. In the global market especially in the clothing sector, counterfeit goods decrease the value and desirability of luxury brand. De Barnier et al. (2012) assumed that global luxury brand decrease 4% market share due to counterfeit goods or products. However, Gistri et al. (2009) argued that luxury brand industry mostly affected by counterfeit inhibitor. Counterfeit products primarily focused on targeting luxury brand due to high growth rate. In this particular chapter, researcher analyzes the reason of affecting luxury brand by counterfeit goods. In order to analyze selected topic, researcher uses several journals in this part that helps in utilizing exact result for the topic. 2. Brief Literature Review 2.1 Dilution of Brand: Hurting of New brand to existing brand In this journal, Nia and Zaichkowsky (2000) analyzed the dilution of trademark is occurring during an introduction of a new brand in the market. There are several new brand that identically similar with the existing brand. Majority of companies is using same products design like an existing brand of luxury products due to lack of a legal standard and low managerial use. In order to conceptualize the measurement methodologies, author of this journal used shared brand network model. Dilution versus trademark infringement: Dilution of Trademark differs according to the doctrine of legally familiar if infringement of trademark. Kapferer and Bastien (2009) cited that when a competing party substantially uses the same mark trademark infringement occurred. In the luxury brand market, infringement extended due to the wide range of competing brand. Hennigs et al. (2013) depicted that trademark infringement mainly focused on legal doctrine that protects the consumer in terms of misleading information. Gorp et al. (2012) argued that there are two broad forms of dilution such as blurring and Tarnishment. From the point of view of Tarnishment, it refers to the lower evaluation regarding luxury brand instead of counterfeit brand. Negative association is the major factor of fairness of Tarnishment. Actual Dilution: Trademark dilution is also one of the major issues that affected the luxury brand. According to Amann and Reinecke (2014), trademark dilution produced actual harm to the luxury brand. However, superficial reading on the ruling suggested that actual dilution is not requiring the evidence of lost and sales. Through the circumstantial evidence such as association of mental between the senior marks and junior marks, is helping in developing completely identical methodology towards luxury brands. On the other hand, Bassi (2011) devastated that creating of an identical mark between the senior and junior marks regarding branding effect in the business sector. However, Birkelund (2013) opined that the subsequent decision helped the organization of luxury brand in defining their product standard in the market. Here, the dilutions are found out after complete the confusion of likelihood in findings. Dilution in brand knowledge was changing: In accordance with Caudevilla-Galligo et al. (2012), dilution is the trademark changes of brand knowledge. Dilution can change if the brand association is weakening regarding category, attributes, taglines, etc. However, it has been found out that consumer response towards brand is the key factor in the success. Brand knowledge of customer is the biggest factor from the point of view of change in brand knowledge towards luxury brand. Brand typically and brand dominance is the key method of recalling brand as well as provides the probability of recalling the brand in the market that creates glory (Cunha, 2013). Public policy researcher and legal scholar suggested that in order to create brand knowledge and make it effective on consumer mind, organization has to develop shared knowledge via dilution by the blurring. It can help in developing knowledge about the senior brands, as well as junior brand in the market of the corporate sector. Predicting Dilution and Shared brand network: Edwards (2010) in his journals consider the storing strategies of brand information in order to understand senior and junior brand strategy. However, Florence (2012) suggested that in order to develop brand for long terms, organization of luxury brand has to create a link between the encoding of brand information and concept node of brand. From the point f view of ownership, senior brand and junior brand are not related to each other. On the contrary, Hennigs et al. (2013) cited that senior and junior brand is interrelated in terms of mark such as logo, slogan, name, etc. As a result, the existing brand largely affects the new brands. For example, Adidas launched a new sports t-shirt in the market for cricket world cup 2015. As soon as the t-shirt launched in the market, a junior brand copied the design and launched new products that comparatively low price rather than the Adidas's t-shirt. Kapferer (1997) asserted that entirely associate d construct for activation of junior brand association need to reduce their probability of designing products according to the products of luxury brands. This completive interface can able to moderate dilution. 2.2 Effect of counterfeit on the image of luxury brand In this journal, it has been analyzed that in recent time, misbehavior of consumer is the enormous issue. Purchase of illicit products or services is also the major issues in these days of business. Based on this theory, Gistri et al. (2009) hypothetically analyzed the effects of counterfeit products or goods on luxury brands. The key concept of this journal that analyzed negative effect never effect on luxury brand or do not create any effect on significant change in perceiving brand image. Theory on Consumer misbehavior: Several articles cited about the misbehavior of consumer or counterfeit. In the journal of Reyneke et al. (2011), it has been analyzed that planned behavior of the consumer explores circumstance of purchasing copies products. However, Wiedmann et al. (2012) acknowledged that an intention of purchase has the strongest impact on perceiving behavioral control. On the other hand, Kapferer (2012) cited that moral commitment or risk assumption is more important factors to the consumer related driver instead of supply related factors. Kapferer and Bastien (2009) suggested that a majority of consumer of the country UK probably purchases the products of counterfeit rather than luxury brand. Due to price sensitive people in UK, majority of customer attack to buy products from counterfeit. On the other hand, Kapferer and Michaut-Denizeau (2013) depicted that ethnocentrism is a great aspect of consumer regarding purchasing of counterfeit products. According to the m, majority of people prefer to authentic domestic products due to patriotic as well as privacy. Gorp et al. (2012) noted that people in any region should appeal to the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). It is because an original manufacturer set their privacy policy and take responsibility for product if any damage done. As the consequence of De, Barnier et al. (2012), people attacks for the brand image products more rather than counterfeit products due to lack of functionality and quality. However, there is high increased demand for counterfeit products. Therefore, Keefer (2010) explained that products of counterfeit are less successful, less wealthy, unable to inferior social status and less self-secure. From this point of view, Nieddu et al. (2010) described that demand of counterfeit products increased day by day due to low price. However, Pal (2011) opined that in order to maintain low price, manufacturers of counterfeit products produce low quality or copies the idea from luxury brand. In this journal, the author focused on analyzing intention of purchase and process of decision-making regarding counterfeit acquisition. Therefore, author of this journal was unable to produce a clear idea of the evaluation of consumer change regarding original brand. Theory on counterfeit: Chen et al. (2014) opined that an economic impact is the key factor of counterfeit products in consumer's mind. The review if experts in a market demonstrated that counterfeit products face undesirable problem for lack of class and training of staffs or employees. Unskilled Employee and low design products affect the market of limited brand or counterfeit company. In this journal, author classified the counterfeits products of companies into two different methods such as deceptive counterfeiting and non-deceptive counterfeiting. Gistri et al. (2009) argued that when the customer unknowingly purchases copies products from third party called deceptive counterfeit, whereas when customer buy fake products with fully conscious it is called non-deceptive counterfeit. Apart from that, Reyneke et al. (2011) depicted that non-deceptive counterfeit has significant influence on the situation of buying behavior of a consumer. Theory of luxury brand: Hennigs et al. (2013) explained that uniqueness and individualism are the most important part of everyday life from the point of view of ever-increasing importance in these days of information overload and mass production. Therefore, Kapferer and Bastien (2009) analyzed that preference of personal brand and buying decision of the customer changed. In accordance to Wiedmann et al. (2012), the concept of individualism, conspicuous consumption, uniqueness, etc. helps in leading the personal brand more effectively rather than the limited brand or counterfeit products. Gorp et al. (2012), in his study demonstrated that personal brand or luxury brand commonly run with the help of status of the owner and long-term sustainability. De Barnier et al. (2012) stated that a majority of people in these days buy products not only for use but also for maintaining a status. From this point of view, it is utilized that people use luxury brand products not only for personal work but also for the work r egarding public opinion and social environment. In this journal, it had been analyzed that price sensitive brand or counterfeit products unable to capture the market of luxury brand in UK. However, this study was not examined in depth about people's concept of luxury brand over counterfeit products in UK. Dilution as a change in Brand Knowledge: Chen et al. (2014) acknowledged that trademark dilution is the notion of changing brand knowledge in the environment of luxury brand. Blurring is weakening the list of brand association such as attributes, tag lines, category of brand, etc. Marketing of brand is creating differential effect on brand knowledge. 2.3 Affect of counterfeit products on ownership of luxury brand 2.3.1 Luxury Goods According to Pullig et al. (2006), luxury goods are those goods or items that are consuming by the consumers that are not necessary to the consumers. However, they are bought by them for making the life of the consumers more pleasant. Luxury goods are in compared more costly and are consuming by the users having a good amount of accumulated wealth and higher income levels. Reyneke et al. (2011) commented on the fact that luxury goods can also be termed as status goods, which on mere display brings prestige and increases the status of the customers possessing it. These luxury goods are excellent, expensive as well as exclusive. Park and Rim (2012) had a view that these luxury goods are so manufactured keeping in mind the quality, look and texture. The luxury goods are also manufactured keeping in pace with the ongoing fashion trend in order to attract the customers having snob appeal for these goods (Gistri et al. 2009). In addition to this, Wiedmann et al. (2012) commented that the customers possessing the luxury items and goods have these goods to set themselves apart from the ongoing trend. They also treat this in order to articulate their personality. For this reason, the demand for the luxury goods has increased to a considerable rate. In contrast to this, Reyneke et al. (2011) commented on the fact that the counterfeit goods are equally important for the customers as it is a daily necessity. In general, customers of an average income level are always inclined towards the counterfeit goods for having trendy goods at considerably low prices. Customers having inclination towards good quality products have an inclination towards the branded goods since branded products never compromise with the quality. On the other hand, according to Hennigs et al. (2013) luxury items include Hermes handbags, Gianni Versace suits, Mercedes-Benz cars, Polo shirts, Cartier, and Rolex watches, etc. are bought by the lavish customers. They bought these to set their trend and set themselves apart from the general trend. For this reason, the demand for handbags, belts, wallets, pens have increased to a considerable rate for the customers. 2.3.2 Customers concerned on Luxury Brands Phillips (2011) commented on the fact that the individuals who are self-conscious and have a snob attitude for branded products are concerned with the luxury goods. The luxury items are so possessed by the customers in order to give a strong impression of their personality on the others. These individuals are more concerned about the physical appearance as well as trendy and ongoing fashions. According to Wiedmann et al. (2012), these preferences for buying international as well as nationally branded products are the result of above mentioned factors. Moreover, these customers in order to have the branded product have an inner conflict of selecting the best brands for them irrespective of any price. Since, the luxury and branded products are the symbols of status, individuals with brand consciousness are more inclined towards it. In addition to this, Chen et al. (2014) had a view that customers tend to buy the luxury products in order to satisfying the appetite for these symbolic mea nt products. It is said that whatever may be the product, it is the brand that matter to the individuals. Therefore, it can be said that the luxury goods represent an expression of one's value. According to Gorp et al. (2012), the consumption pattern of the individual symbolizes the social class and status of the individual. Apart from this, from the buying behavior of the consumers, the income and the standard of living of the consumers are well depicted. For the customers, the social position is essential since it convey the social class, wealth and affluence of them in the society. Kapferer and Bastien (2009) commented that having luxury and branded products of the customers emphasizes in the social group and power where brand image is very important. Having the counterfeit products can easily fulfill the reasons of the having luxury products but are of low quality and do not give the most desired social status to the customers. So, Qu (2012) had a view that more than having the practical usages of the luxury goods, individuals prefer to have these goods in order to hold a good and uplifted social status in the society. 2.3.3 Symbolic identity of brand goods Price- According to Reyneke et al. (2011) the quality products, exclusive store locations, attractive packaging, expensive promotions, celebrity endorsements and good advertising campaigns etc. all contributes to all higher prices of the luxury goods. In addition to this, the company's manufacturing branded products make a large investment in producing the goods and products recognizable and outstanding instantly among the huge products diversity available in the market. Roicklinsberg and Sandin (2010) commented on the fact that higher prices give the consumers a snob feeling of possessing it as well as they feel superior to buying it. This is because; this gives a feeling of superiority to them as well as makes them feel standing apart from the social trends and fashion. In addition to this, Wiedmann et al. (2012) commented on the fact that consumers try to possess the luxury goods in order to impress the other people, so they are motivated by having these products. Moreover, consum ing the luxury products is a mere flaunt of the wealth the consumers have in compared to others in the society. Brand Name- According to Han et al. (2010) the brand name have a strong impression and impact on the individuals since, the products selling under the brand have a symbolic icon and values added to that particular brand. This helps in giving an impression to the customers about the product so that it when possessed by the customers gives a social impression to the other people in the society. The Porsche products such as caps, automobiles, and wrist watches, etc. have outstanding finishing, glamor and sophisticated look that help in attracting the customers as well as help them to maintain a social status in the society. Doss and Robinson (2013) had commented on the fact that the branded products are so bought for what they truly mean rather than what they actually are. 2.4 Separation of brand and product in a counterfeit culture 2.4.1 Growth of Counterfeits According to Gentry et al. (2001), Counterfeit products are those products that are of low cost and quality and are the replacements for the branded products. These products are targeted to those customers who want to have branded products but cannot afford it (Chen et al. 2014). Counterfeits products are easily available to the customers also have a demand internationally among all groups of people. Gistri et al. (2009) commented on the fact that the sales of the counterfeit products is nearly $299 billion where the International Chamber of Commerce had statistically found out that counterfeit products affect the 8% of the international trade. The customers prefer the counterfeit products since; it becomes difficult for others to difference between the real products and fake products. Moreover, Hennigs et al. (2013) had commented on the fact that the counterfeits are the in a huge demand for the local people of a country as well as to the tourists. This is because; these are availab le easily in the market at low price range. Zampetakis (2014) argued in the fact that the market for counterfeit products have increased to a huge extent with the rise of e-commerce publicity. This is because; the e-commerce sites mainly aim at providing the customers the trendy products at comparatively low and affordable prices. The start-up and newly opened firms who are offering good prices may or may not be selling the genuine products to the customers. In today's world, the market is filled up with huge fake products other counterfeit products to give the customers a taste of having branded products. The lack of expertise in identifying the difference between the counterfeit products and genuine products also give a huge advantage the counterfeit market. This also leads to a huge sale of the counterfeit products without the acknowledgment of the customers that they receive a lot of counterfeits products in the name of genuine products. In addition to this, Bian (2014) had a view that the advancement in the technology has a great impact on the start-up costs of counterfeits products. 2.4.2 Comparison of quality across Counterfeits Giro (2010) commented on the fact that there is a huge difference in quality of the genuine products and counterfeit products. The counterfeit products look alike the original branded products but are of low quality and also of low durability. It is also seen that the customers are also in search of counterfeit products since the prices of the products are comparatively low and quiet affordable to all the customers. The individuals who are more inclined and focused on the social status and fashion will lean towards the genuine products irrespective of price since they are concerned with the quality of the product. Gorp et al. (2012) cited an example from the market of Hong Kong depicting that individuals have a choice of buying diverse status of counterfeit products for different goods. There lies a huge difference in quality of the genuine products and counterfeit products, which the consumers have to understand at the time of buying. Hieke (2010) had a view that the customers have to understand the difference between the difference in genuine and counterfeit products by extensive market research since prices are not the only factor of difference. According to Hennigs et al. (2013), there are two types of counterfeit products- products with a same name but are of different style and products with up class-forged bags. These products are the replica of the original bags, but the difference lies in the price and the material used for manufacturing these products. Kapferer and Bastien (2009) had a view that the best indicator for judging the quality and worth of the counterfeit products is the price. The customers will not mind in paying good prices for the good and quality products that can give value to the money spent on it. In contrast to this, Marck (2010) argued that there are many customers who are ready to pay high for a better counterfeit products mainly for clothing and sunglasses. In the case of VCDs, the difference between the fake products and counterfeit products can easily be distinguished. The quality of filming matters a lot in the counterfeit products since the quality is poor and not at all up to the mark. In a ddition to this, Kim and Park (2010) commented on the fact that the stores also place the real as well as the counterfeit products in the same stores displaying on the same shelves and charging the same rates for them. It is against the ethics of the stores and is a cheat to the customers where the customers unknowingly buy the counterfeit products by paying the same prices. 2.4.3 Price bargaining related to Counterfeits According to Reddy (2010) the consumers after understanding the level of counterfeit, they tend to bargain for the right price. This is because, the customers are not ready to accept the prices that are initially told for the counterfeit products and so the customers for the price lowering bargain them. In addition to this, Savelli (2011) had a view that the customers who seek for the counterfeit products are those who want products of low prices. These customers are in search of the alternatives of the genuine products. Reyneke et al. (2011) commented on the fact that initially the marketers attach a higher rate on the counterfeit products in order to gain a huge profit margin even after the price bargaining done by the customers. The lowering of the price range depends on the level of bargaining of the customers. In addition to this, Sanyal et al. (2014) had commented on the fact that the customers, in general, opt for the alternatives or counterfeit products in search of finding goods alike the trendy products but at comparatively at low price range. 2.5 Customer Attitude towards counterfeit products 2.5.1 Gender biases towards Counterfeit products The purchase of counterfeit products is considered as misbehavior on behalf of the customers that are deviated from the general and accepted norms (Carpenter and Lear, 2011). Teik et al. (2013) commented on the fact that according to the statistical data it has been seen that men are inclined towards the unlawful activities in comparison to the women. This resulted in the exploration of the relationship between the gender and inclination towards purchasing various counterfeit products. Again, Wall and Large (2010) had a view that the males are more intentional towards buying counterfeit products such as pirated CDs, watches, etc. On the other hand, Wiedmann et al. (2012) commented on the fact that the culture of the individuals plays an important role in appropriate knowing about the gender biases towards the counterfeit goods. A study in China showed that the male consumers are much more biased towards the pirated CDs. Again a research was done among the Chinese customers' that showed that the females are inclined towards piracy of software. Moreover, Zhou and Lu (2015) had a view regarding the sample taken among the Slovenians that showed the men were more inclined towards the counterfeit software and t-shirts as compared to that of females. But in cases of fake luxury watches, the attitude towards those products is equal for both men and women. In addition to this, Tungate (2009) had a view that the difference in purchase and buying behavior depends solely on the difference in nationality. In UK, it has been seen that 1/3 rd population of the customers has purchased counterfeit products at some point in time. According to Teik et al. (2013) the males of UK are more inclined towards the counterfeit sunglasses. Another research has showed that the customer's inclination towards the Gucci and Rolex products are irrespective of any gender. 2.5.2 Ethics related to Counterfeit products The consumer ethics includes the principles, rules, morals and standards that take into account the purchase, sale, and services while buying the products. Shukla (2011) commented on the fact that the consumers who are honest, polite and responsible hold a very negative towards the counterfeit products. But in converse to this, Perez et al. (2010) had an opinion that the customers who are basically dishonest and irresponsible as well as are not bounded by the rules and regulations are more inclined towards possessing counterfeit luxury items. In addition, researcher found out that numerous consumers who willing to exchange the protected values of a good for a discounted price. According to Lisa Maria Turunen and Laaksonen (2011) the consumers who consider that counterfeit goods are unethical to buy, they are less likely inclined towards the purchase of such products. In addition to this, the consumers having more inclination towards the ethical considerations will be more embarrassed if they find out that they are wearing counterfeit goods. Moreover, Tao and Mingna (2011) had a view that the adaptation of buying counterfeit products solely depends on the nature of the customers and their integrity. It is totally based on the nature of the customers on acceptance of the counterfeit products and usage of it in the daily life. In addition to this, Truong et al. (2010) had commented on the fact that there are several customers who actually hold the value of honesty and claims that they cannot be carried off by the counterfeit products. They consider counterfeit products are the stealing of the original products or making clone of the original branded products. Counterfeit product affects on luxury product badly. To them, this kind of act is unethical, and they tend to stay away from committing such acts of buying these products. According to Wilcox et al. (2009) there are many customers who believes in fair and ethical trading tend to engage themselves in buying goods and products that are ethically sold irrespective of the price and keeps a safe distance from those products that are sold unethically. 2.5.3 Social Costs and Counterfeit products Zhou and Lu (2015) commented on the fact that the customers in order to possess luxury and branded products buy the fake and counterfeit products in order to get the flavor of having counterfeit products at low cost. A study shows that the consumer response towards the counterfeits is highly favorable when the price is too high and is out of the reach of the people. According to Zlatevska (2011) the International Law Labor Organization has reported that there are millions of children who are working hard and are even forced for manufacturing counterfeit products in China. Many counterfeit organizations and companies are totally associated with terrorists and crime groups. JeongHeonBae (2013) had a view that the culture of the people, their gender, behavior and purchasing behavior all affects the purchase of counterfeit products. The ethical dilemmas between the customers also affect the buying and sale of the counterfeit products. Moreover, the sale of the counterfeit products also depends on the moral and values of the organization and their ethical factors regarding the sale and purchase of the customers. De Barnier et al. (2012) had an opinion that based on the research it has been seen that the highly educated and socially recognized people are less likely inclined and interested towards the counterfeit goods and products (Shaw, 2011). It is even seen that the consumers often opt for the counterfeit merchandises without considering or taking into account the issues regarding the public welfare. 2.5.4 Anti-big trading attitude and counterfeit products Shukla and Thampy (2011) had commented on the fact that the customers have a feeling of sympathy towards the small and start up businesses and they end up buying counterfeit products rather than buying from the brand owners itself. It is often believed that the customers due to having lower prices and low-profit margins, the consumers are more inclined towards purchasing counterfeit products. Chen et al. (2014) had commented on the fact that the negative attitudes towards the counterfeit products are due to violation of the consumer practices. The customers are often termed of having "Robin Hood Syndrome" for violating the privileges of brand owners by providing support to the counterfeit products. 3. Summary Thus, to sum up, it can be said that the literature explores the effect of counterfeit products to luxury brands in the business sector. From the above discussion, it has been identified that counterfeit products mostly affected the luxury brand from the point of view of price. The implication of shared brand network increased rapidly. The speed of activation is increased in the proximity and strength of linkage among the constructs. It can be said from the psychological aspect that consumers want to possess the luxury branded products in order to have a feeling of superiority among the society. They are always in the mood to maintain a good standard in the society and are highly sensitive towards interpersonal rejections. It is found out that counterfeit products changed the both side of the market for luxury brands. Motivations for customer purchase are complex and ambivalent. Further, depending on different nations and buying attitude, the customers have difference in their buying attitudes. It has been also analyzed that sometimes, court interpreted with the opinion of mental association regarding luxury brand and counterfeit products when competing for the identical marks. Here, it also can be concluded that the sellers initially put up huge prices for the counterfeit products and on seeing the interest level of the customers, bargaining of those products are done and are brought at nominal prices. Apart from that, it is also identified purchase motivation and attitude of consumer vary based on purchase occasion. However, in this literature review, researcher concluded that a value of consumers regarding the purchase of luxury brand varies. However, this research work helps in segmenting the luxury market and designing the strategies for development of market. Reference List Amann, F. and Reinecke, S. (2014). 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An Analysis of Transformational Leadership free essay sample

An Analysis of Transformational Leadership BSP045 Work Psychology B010898 Cheng Chen Introduction Since the early 1980s, there has been an explosion of interest on transformational leadership among scholars and managers. It is shown with evidence that the desire and effectiveness of transformational leadership style are universal (Den Hartog, et al. , 1999, and Bass, et al. 2006). This leadership style, as its name implies, is a process which tends to change and transform individuals (Northouse, 2004). To help followers grow and develop into leaders, transformational leaders respond to individual followers’ needs and empower them (Bass, et al. 2006). It is also concerned with emotions, values, ethics, standards, and long-term goals (Northouse, 2004). Recently, some researchers (Charbonnier-Voirin, et al. , 2010) mentioned that transformational leaders might have a desire to customize coaching, which could be conducted through telling each associate’s unique capability and intelligence and inspiring each person’s innovation and critical thinking. The topic area has been widely discussed and analysed from many different sources and as such provides an interesting topic area to research and discuss further. We will write a custom essay sample on An Analysis of Transformational Leadership or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This report will briefly introduce and outline the development of transformational leadership concept and theory, then examine the conceptual and empirical validity of transformational leadership in a global context. Initially, this report will begin with defining key terms in transformational leadership, compared with transactional leadership and other relevant concepts, in order to better understand the context of the text which will be covered. The Bass’s transformational model of leadership including its four components and the instrument relating to it, the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), will then be reviewed. After that, both at conceptual and empirical level, analysis will be conducted to evaluate to what extent this model can help with the successful management of people at work, especially in cross-cultural environment. Finally, a summary will be conducted and further implications of findings will be suggested. Transformational Leadership Model and Measurement Although Downton first created the term â€Å"transformational leadership† in 1973, not until 1978 when the political sociologist James MacGregor Burns’ book named Leadership was published, this approach had been emerged with its importance. In his work, Burns (1978) distinguished transactional and transformational leadership. The former one focuses on the social exchanges that occur between leaders and their followers, for example, politicians leading by â€Å"exchanging one thing for another: jobs for votes, or subsides for campaign contributions† (Burns 1978). On the other hand, the latter one refers to the process whereby an individual stimulates and inspires others and creates a connection that leads to an improvement of motivation, morality and capability in both leaders and followers (Northouse, 2004). At the same time, House (1976) coined a theory of charismatic leadership which received a widely attention in leadership academic world (Hunt and Conger, 1999). Later, this concept is often used as a similar term of transformational leadership. As House suggested, charismatic leaders act in unique ways and as personal characteristics affecting their followers. The specific characteristics include being dominant, self-confident, moral and so on (Northouse, 2004). A more expanded and refined version of transformational leadership was provided by Bass in 1985, which to some extent was based on the prior works of Burns (1978) and House (1976) (Northouse, 2004). Bass (2006) highlighted that, â€Å"to engage the follower in true commitment and involvement in the effort at hand†, leaders must deal with the follower’s sense of self-esteem, which was what transformational leadership went beyond the social exchange in transactional style. He also emphasized that although charismatic leadership was to a large extent in common with transformational leadership, the former was only part of the latter. As refinements made in both the conceptualization and measurement of transformational leadership, Bass (2006) summarized that, to achieve superior results, transformational leadership is a combination of four measurable components: Idealized Influence (charisma), Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, and Individualized Consideration. In order to measure these behaviours, the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) was developed and identified the four factors (Bass and Avolio, 1990): ?Idealized Influence (charisma): Acting as strong role models for followers, transformational leaders behave in ways that make them being â€Å"admired, respected and trusted† and â€Å"extraordinarily capable, persistent, and determined†, which make their followers want to emulate them. Inspirational Motivation: Transformational leaders articulate a vision appealing for followers and motivate and inspire them by providing task meaning, communicating optimism and enthusiasm for a future orientation. ?Intellectual Stimulation: Transformational leaders stimulate followers to be creative and innovative, to doubt assumptions, to apply old problem solutions in new means. ?Individualized Consideration: Transformational leaders provide a supportive climate by paying attention to each follower’s needs and desires. They actively help followers grow through personal challenges and create new opportunities for their potential development (Alimo-Metcalfe, Alban-Metcalfe, 2002). Two transactional components are also included in the MLQ: ?Contingent reward: Approved follower actions, which mean that followers finish what needs to be done, are rewarded with the payoffs for doing it, and disapproved actions are punished because of the opposite behaviours as an exchange process between leaders and followers. ?Management by exception: Corrective transactional dimensions. Active management by exception is the behaviour that a leader monitors followers closely for mistakes and intervenes with corrective direction. Passive form involves correction only after requirements have not been met or problems emerge. On the active-passive leadership continuum, the full range places transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership, of which the last one represents the absence of leadership. Originally from French, â€Å"laissez-faire† is a phrase which implies a â€Å"hands-off, let-things-ride† approach. In this way, leaders take no responsibility, provide no feedback, and ignore followers’ needs (Northouse, 2004). Considering a global context and culture variation, Bass (1997) argued that transactional and transformational leadership can transcend all parts of the globe and all forms of organizations. Advantages of Transformational Leadership After a long time development and refinement, the Transformational Leadership model and instrument have been widely used, because it has several strengths as follows: First, plenty of both qualitative and quantitative studies for transformational leadership have been conducted from a wide range of perspectives. The objectives cover from outstanding leaders to multinational corporation CEOs (Northouse, 2004). A recent keywords analysis of all the articles published from 1990 to 2003 in the PsycINFO database showed that the number of studies related to transformational or charisticmatic leadership was larger than the number of all other well-known theories of leadership (e. g. , least preferred co-worker theory, path-goal theory, normative decision theory, substitutes for leadership) combined (Judge and Piccolo, 2004). Second, it is convinced that the effectiveness and validity of transformational leadership is exclusive according to numerous evidences (Yukl, 1999). It is proven in a meta-analysis of 39 studies (22 published and 17 unpublished) which used MLQ that individuals in transformational leadership styles were perceived to be more effective leaders with better work outcomes compared with the ones who exhibited only transactional leadership (Lowe, Kroeck and Sivadubramaniam, 1996). Precisely, for transformational leadership dimensions, validity for charisma was . 1 and validity for intellectual stimulation was . 60; while . 41 for contingent reward and . 05 for management by exception were analyzed for transactional leadership. Moreover, in order to explore the relative validity between transactional leadership and transformational leadership, Judge and Piccolo (2004) conducted a meta-analysis which covered the whole leadership continuum. Results showed that the validity for transformational leadership was . 44, the highest score overall, whereas the second highest validity was . 39 shown by contingent reward leadership. In addition, it is also approved that transformational leadership model is valid across different environments. Lowe, Kroeck and Sivadubramaniam (1996) have shown that either for senior or basic leaders in both public and private context, the transformational leadership findings can be endorsed. Judge and Piccolo (2004) highlighted that in various study settings, the validity of transformational leadership appears to generalize with slight differences across from business professionals, university students, the military and public participants. Third, transformational leadership have positive relationships with follower satisfaction and organization performance. Transformational leadership regards leadership as a process. By setting more challenging expectations for followers, transformational leaders motivate others â€Å"to go the extra mile† (Leong and Fischer, 2011). Followers act more prominently through the leadership process with an instrumental attribution (Bryman, 1992). Their needs and desires are more concerned by the leaders. A number of empirical findings from last century have demonstrated that charismatic, transformational and visionary leaders tend to have positive influences on their organizations and followers. The effect scores range from . 35 to . 50 for organizational performance effects and from . 40 to . 80 for effects on follower satisfaction and commitment (Fiol, et al, 1999). Another two meta-analytical studies also approve this statement (Fuller, et al, 1996; Lowe, et al 1996). More precisely, in a more recent study, Judge and Piccolo (2004) compared the correlation between transformational leadership and follower job satisfaction and the correlation between transformational leadership and organization performance. The results showed that the former relationship (. 58) is stronger than the latter one (. 23) (Judge and Piccolo, 2004). Besides, transformational leaders tend to motivate and inspire each person’s innovation and critical thinking (Charbonnier-Voirin, et al. , 2010). A new study (Wang and Zhu, 2011) has focused on the relation between transformational leadership with individual and group creativity. From the survey data which were collected from multiple means in a main city in the southern part of the U. S. A. , it is shown that there are important and positive correlations for aggregated group-level transformational leadership with group creative identity (r = . 34, p . 01), individual creative identity (r = . 20, p . 01), and individual creativity (r = . 16, p . 01). Their findings also proved that individual-level transformational leadership can improve followers’ creativity by building individuals’ creative identity (Wang and Zhu, 2011). Fourth, transformational leadership differs from other styles on the aspect of its strong emphasis on the followers’ needs, values, and morals dimension. Burns (1978) argued that transformational leaders move others by motivating them to take higher moral responsibility and by aligning their own and followers’ value systems with significant moral standards. This kind of leaders also demonstrates â€Å"high standards of ethical and moral conduct† (Avolio, 1999, p. 43). The influence of transformational leadership on ollower moral identity is fundamental and central for this theory (Bass, 1985, 1998; Bass Riggio, 2006; Bass Steidlmeier, 1999; Burns, 1978). To fill the gap of only few empirical studies examining to what extent leadership influence followers’ moral development, a study using field survey data and experimental data was newly conducted this year by Zhu, Riggio, Avolio and Sosik (2011). The descriptive statistics illustrated an important positi ve relationship between follower moral identity and transformational leadership (r = . 0, p . 01). As one of the first empirical studies that focused on the influence of transformational leadership on follower self-reported moral viewpoints, this study also discussed several practical implications. The first approach is to set high moral principles, in that case leaders tend to enhance followers’ moral identity, and consequently, follower ethical decision making and behaviours would be developed. It is also shown that leaders’ behaviours affected the level of followers’ moral identity. Therefore, the second approach is to develop transformational leadership across boundaries within the organization. An ethical climate would be built with strong moral principles and aims by transformational leaders, through setting policies, procedures and processes. A positive impact on follower moral identity, in that case, would be likely to happen (Zhu, et al, 2011). Fifth, from a practical and applicable perspective, the attributes outlined in transformational leadership and the traits included in the MLQ can provide a broad set of concepts as typical transforming leaders. These components can be utilized in several stages of Human Resource Management process, as standards of recruitment, selections and promotion, or as principles of training and development (Northouse, 2004). It is found that for low-level leaders, the process of building a vision is particularly valuable in training programs (Lowe, et al. , 1996). Additionally, some researchers believe that an expanded picture of leadership is provided by transformational leadership approach, which contains the social exchange between leaders and associates as well as the attention on needs and development of followers (Avolio, 1999; Bass, 1985). Northouse (2004) states that transformational leadership has intuitive appeal, which means that, as the way described in the transformational perspective, the leader tends to advocate change and consider growth for others, which is consistent with society’s expectation for a typical leader. Criticisms of Transformational Leadership Although transformational leadership model has been widely used and had a great contribution to the leadership literature, it also has several drawbacks: The first criticism is that its conceptual clarity has been criticised in terms of its poorly defined parameters (Northouse, 2004). Because it involved a large range of behaviours, such as creating a vision, building trust, acting as a social architect and so on, it is difficult to clearly define the parameters. Tracey and Hinkin (1998) emphasized on the overlap among the core four components (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration). Yukl (1999) also demonstrated that it is necessary to distinguish the four factors in a theoretical way. Bryman (1992) highlighted that transformational and charismatic leadership are often used as synonymous words, though, Bass (1985) has already cleared that charisma is only one component of transformational leadership. An recent study conducted by Wu, Tsui and Kinicki (2010) indicated that individualized consideration and intellectual stimulation were more suitable for behaviours at an individual level, by contrast, idealized influence and inspirational motivation are more suitable at a group level. Some other criticisms exist on the measurement of transformational leadership. The validity of MLQ has been questioned even if it has been wildly used (Tepper Percy, 1994). The time when MLQ was designed was criticized by Hunt (1996), because it was before collecting enough data on the nature of transformational leadership in qualitative and quantitative means. Hunt (1996) also stated that descriptions of leader actions and the results of behaviours were both included in the MLQ and the model failed to provide sufficient attention to the two-way respects of the relations between leader and follower. The correlations between the four factors of transformational leadership (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration) are very close to each other, so they has been questioned as not distinct factors (Tejeda, Scandura, Pillai, 2001). Moreover, there is no clear distinction between transactional factors and transformational factors. Hence, some of these factors are not unique to this model. Race and gender invalidity is also concerned, because the MLQ ame from interview data from 70 South African leaders, while 69 of them were white and all of them were men. However, although the measure instrument MLQ of transformational leadership has been criticized in the way it was used, the MLQ is, at the same time, developing. Versions with new, improved items have been generated as promised (Tejeda, et al, 2001). A third criticism some have made is that in a global context, cultural differences do have an effect on the factors whic h might be perceived in particular cultural settings (Alimo-Metcalfe Alban-Metcalfe, 2002). Den Hartog and other researchers (1999) had proven by study that certain attributes of transformational leadership were adoptive across cultures, while others did not; however, they believed that even if some transformational attributes might exhibit in different manners across cultures, a common preference for transformational leadership exists all over the world. Recent findings deeply explored whether transformational leadership dimensions are universal or not. A more up-to date research conducted by Leong and Fischer (2011) has found that power distance is strongly related with transformational leadership factors (? = ?. 42, p

Advocating the Death Penalty essays

Advocating the Death Penalty essays Thousands of people will attack the death penalty. They will give emotional speeches about the one innocent man or woman who might accidentally get an execution sentence. However, all of these people are forgetting one crucial element. They are forgetting the thousands of victims who die every year by the hands of heartless murderers. There are more murderers out there than people who are wrongly convicted, and that is what we must remember. I, as well as many others, have total confidence in the death penalty. It is a very beneficial component of our justice system. The death penalty saves lives. It saves lives because it stops those who murder from ever murdering again. It also deters potential murderers from ever committing the crime. Unfortunately, the death penalty is currently used so rarely that it isnt nearly as effective as it could be. In order for it to work, we must put it into practice more often. In recent years, crime in America has been on the rise, in particular, violent crime. This has led not only to an overcrowding of prisons in our country, but also to an increase in the number of death sentences handed down by the courts. Despite the fact that the number of inmates on death row is climbing, the number of death sentences actually carried out in any given year lags far behind. People simply arent fearful of the death penalty when it isnt used the way it should be (Stewart 50). If the death penalty has been declared legal, then the federal and state governments must employ it to its fullest as a means of stopping previous murderers from recommitting their crimes. Since most of the prisoners on death row are there for murder, executing them would ensure that they would never kill again. Obsessive murderers, who know no alternative to killing, need to be executed to protect both prison guards and society. This view is perhaps best illustrated ...

Mergers and Acquisitions Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Mergers and Acquisitions - Case Study Example The paper also deals with the resultant economies and advantages accruing out of the merger by studying the case of acquisition of another company by Hon Hai (Faxcom). While 'business strategy' represent the goal of the company to attain sustainable competitive advantage in one of the businesses of the company, 'corporate strategy' represents the objective of the company to manage multi-business activities to create corporate-wide advantage that will benefit each of the business the company owns and operates. The corporate strategy looks into the opportunities available to the company both internally and externally to enhance its competitive strengths and sustain its sales growth and profitability. A strategic analysis of any company thus includes assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the company based on the internal environment as well as threats and opportunities that the company is subjected to because of its relative positioning in the market and the industry. The main objective of any strategic analysis is to identify the ways in which the existing resources can be shared between the multiple business activities and identifying new resou rces, which will enhance the competitive strengths of the company. This may include the opportunities for mergers and acquisitions, which will provide the combined synergies and scale economies to the company for enhancing its competitive edge. Corporate mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have long received considerable attention from the corporate world, the investing public as well as the academicians and scholars. According to Thompson Financial Reports for the year 2005, the worldwide M&A deals was estimated at US $ 2.7 Trillion which has posted an increase of 38.4 percent from the total volume of US $ 2 Trillion for the year 2004. Cogut and Rodgers (2006) report that the increase in the Asian deals for the year 2005 increased by 64 percent over the last year and the dollar value was US $ 280 million for the period in the form of announced deals. A number of corporations in the international market have been